He maha ngā tāngata e mōhio ana ki ngā karāhe arotahi, ā, he mahi nui tā rātou ki te whakatika i te myopia i roto i ngā mōhiti. He rerekē ngā paparanga paninga o ngā karāhe arotahi, pērā i te paninga kakariki, te paninga kikorangi, te paninga kikorangi-papura, tae atu ki te paninga koura papai. Ko te pakaru me te haehae o ngā paparanga paninga tētahi o ngā take matua mō te whakakapi i ngā mōhiti tirohanga, nō reira me ako atu tātou mō ngā paparanga paninga o ngā karāhe arotahi.
Te whanaketanga o te paninga arotahi
I mua i te taenga mai o ngā karāhe kapia, i whakamahia whānuitia ngā karāhe karaihe. Ko ngā painga o ngā karāhe karaihe he teitei te taupū whakaata, he nui te whakawhiti mārama, me te pakeke, engari he ngoikoretanga anō hoki pērā i te ngāwari ki te pakaru, te taumaha, me te kore haumaru.
Hei whakatika i ngā ngoikoretanga o ngā karāhe karaihe, kua whakawhanakehia e ngā wheketere ngā momo rauemi hei whakakapi i ngā karāhe karaihe, engari kāore tētahi i te tino pai. He painga me ngā ngoikoretanga o ia rauemi, ā, he uaua ki te whakatutuki i te taurite. Ka pā anō hoki tēnei ki ngā karāhe kapia o nāianei (ngā rauemi kapia).
Mō ngā karāhe kapia o nāianei, he tukanga tika te paninga. He maha ngā whakarōpūtanga o ngā rauemi kapia, pērā i te MR-7, MR-8, CR-39, PC, NK-55-C, me te maha atu o ngā rauemi kapia, he rerekē ngā āhuatanga o ia mea. Ahakoa he karāhe karāhe, he karāhe kapia rānei, ka pāngia te mārama e tika ana mā te mata o te karāhe e ngā āhuatanga whatu maha: te whakaata, te whakaata, te mimiti, te marara, me te tuku.
Te paninga i te arotahi ki tētahi kiriata ārai-whakaata
I mua i te taenga o te mārama ki te mata o te arotahi, he 100% te pūngao mārama, engari ina puta atu i te arotahi ka tomo ki te kanohi, ehara i te 100% te pūngao mārama. Ko te teitei ake o te ōrau o te pūngao mārama, ko te pai ake o te tuku mārama, ā, ko te teitei ake o te kounga me te taumira o te whakaahua.
Mō tētahi rauemi arotahi motuhake, ko te whakaiti i te ngaronga whakaata he tikanga noa hei whakanui ake i te tuku mārama. Ko te nui ake o te whakaata o te mārama, ko te iti ake o te tuku o te arotahi, ka hua ake he kounga whakaahua ngoikore. Nō reira, kua noho te whakaiti i te whakaata hei raruraru me whakaoti e ngā arotahi kapia, ā, kua whakamahia he kiriata ārai-whakaata (kiriata AR) ki te arotahi (i te tīmatanga, i whakamahia he paninga ārai-whakaata ki ētahi arotahi whatu).
Ka whakamahia e te kiriata ārai-whakaata te mātāpono pokanoa hei whakatau i te whanaungatanga i waenga i te kaha whakaata o te rama o te paparanga kiriata ārai-whakaata o te arotahi kua pania me te roanga ngaru o te rama e pā mai ana, te matotoru o te paparanga kiriata, te taupū whakaata o te paparanga kiriata, me te taupū whakaata o te papa arotahi, e āhei ai te rama e haere ana i roto i te paparanga kiriata ki te whakakore tetahi i tetahi, ka whakaiti i te ngaronga o te kaha rama i runga i te mata arotahi, ka whakapai ake i te kounga me te taumira whakaahua.
He maha ngā wā ka whakamahia e ngā paninga ārai-whakaata ngā waikura konganuku parakore teitei pērā i te hauhā titanium me te waikura cobalt, ka whakatakotoria ki te mata o te arotahi mā te tukanga mimiti (whakatakotoranga korehau) hei whakatutuki i ngā pānga ārai-whakaata pai. He maha ngā wā ka waiho e ngā paninga ārai-whakaata he toenga, ā, ko te nuinga o ngā paparanga kiriata he matomato te tae.
Ka taea te whakahaere i te tae o te kiriata ārai-whakaata, hei tauira, hei whakaputa i te kiriata kikorangi, te kiriata kikorangi-papura, te kiriata waiorā, te kiriata hina, me ērā atu. He rerekē te tukanga hanga o ngā paparanga kiriata tae rerekē. Hei tauira, ko te tikanga o te kiriata kikorangi me whakahaere he iti ake te whakaata, ā, he nui ake te uaua o te paninga i te kiriata matomato. Heoi, ko te rerekētanga o te tuku mārama i waenga i ngā kiriata kikorangi me te matomato ka iti iho i te 1%.
I roto i ngā hua arotahi, he nui ake te kitea o ngā kiriata kikorangi i roto i ngā arotahi waenga ki te kounga teitei. Ko te tikanga, he teitei ake te tuku mārama o ngā kiriata kikorangi i ērā o ngā kiriata kakariki (kia mōhio koe koinei te tikanga) nā te mea he ranunga o ngā roangaru rerekē te mārama, ā, he rerekē ngā tūranga whakaahua o ngā roangaru rerekē i runga i te retina. I raro i ngā āhuatanga noa, ka ata whakaahuahia te mārama kōwhai-kakariki ki runga i te retina, ā, he teitei ake ngā mōhiohio tirohanga e tukuna ana e te mārama kakariki, nō reira ka aro te kanohi tangata ki te mārama kakariki.
Te paninga i te arotahi ki tētahi kiriata mārō
Haunga te tuku mārama, he ngoikoretanga nui anō hoki tō ngā rauemi kapia me te karāhe: kāore i te tino mārō ngā karāhe arotahi.
Ko te otinga he whakaoti i tēnei mā te tāpiri i tētahi paninga kiriata mārō.
He tino teitei te pakeke o te mata o ngā karāhe karaihe (he iti noa iho ngā tohu e mahue ana ina rakurakuhia e ngā mea noa), engari kāore tēnei e pērā mō ngā karāhe kapia. He ngāwari te rakuraku o ngā karāhe kapia e ngā mea pakeke, e tohu ana kāore e ātete ki te kakahu.
Hei whakapai ake i te ātete o te arotahi ki te kakahu, me tāpiri he paninga kiriata mārō ki te mata o te arotahi. He maha ngā wā ka whakamahia e ngā paninga kiriata mārō ngā ngota silicon hei whakamaroke, mā te whakamahi i tētahi otinga whakapakeke kei roto he matrix waro me ngā matūriki tino pai kore-waro tae atu ki ngā huānga silicon. I te wā kotahi, he pakari, he mārō hoki te kiriata mārō (he mārō te paparanga kiriata i runga i te mata o te arotahi, ā, he iti ake te pakarukaru o te papa arotahi, he rerekē ki te karāhe e ngāwari ana te pakaru).
Ko te hangarau matua o ēnei rā mō te paninga kiriata mārō ko te rumaki. He matotoru te paninga kiriata mārō, tata ki te 3-5μm. Mō ngā karāhe kapia me ngā paninga kiriata mārō, ka taea te tautuhi mā te tangi o te patopato i runga i te papamahi me te kanapa o te tae o te karāhe. Ko ngā karāhe e whakaputa ana i te oro mārama, ā, he kanapa ngā taha, kua whakapakeketia.
Te paninga i te arotahi ki tētahi kiriata ārai-paru.
Ko te kiriata ārai-whakaata me te kiriata mārō ngā paninga matua e rua mō ngā karāhe kapia i tēnei wā. Ko te tikanga, ka pania te kiriata mārō i te tuatahi, ā, muri iho ko te kiriata ārai-whakaata. Nā ngā herenga o nāianei o ngā rauemi kiriata ārai-whakaata, he rerekētanga i waenga i ngā āheinga ārai-whakaata me te ārai-paru. Nā te mea he āhua pūwero te kiriata ārai-whakaata, he tino ngāwari ki te hanga paru ki te mata o te karāhe.
Ko te otinga he tāpiri i tētahi atu paparanga kiriata ārai-whakapaipai ki runga i te kiriata ārai-whakaata. Ko te nuinga o te kiriata ārai-whakapaipai he mea hanga ki ngā fluoride, ka taea te uhi i te paparanga kiriata ārai-whakaata pūwero, ka whakaiti i te horahanga pā i waenga i te wai, te hinu, me te arotahi, me te kore e whakarerekē i te mahi whatu o te kiriata ārai-whakaata.
I te piki haere o te kanorau o ngā tono, kua nui haere ngā paparanga kiriata mahi kua whakawhanakehia, pērā i te kiriata whakapūmau, te kiriata ārai-pūmau, te kiriata tiaki mārama kikorangi, te kiriata ārai-kohu, me ētahi atu paparanga kiriata mahi. He rite tonu te rauemi arotahi, he rite tonu te taupū whakaata arotahi, he rerekē ngā waitohu, ā, ahakoa i roto i te waitohu kotahi, me te rauemi kotahi, he rerekē ngā utu o ngā raupapa arotahi rerekē, ā, ko ngā paninga arotahi tētahi o ngā take. He rerekē te hangarau me te kounga o ngā paninga.
He uaua ki te tangata noa te kite i ngā rerekētanga mō te nuinga o ngā momo paninga kiriata. Heoi, kotahi te momo paninga e kitea ngāwari ai ngā pānga: ko ngā karāhe ārai mārama kikorangi (he hangarau e whakamahia whānuitia ana i roto i ngā karāhe ārai mārama kikorangi kounga teitei).
Mā te karāhe ārai mārama kikorangi pai rawa atu ka tātari i te mārama kikorangi kino i roto i te awhe 380-460nm mā roto i te paparanga kiriata ārai mārama kikorangi. Heoi, he rerekētanga kei roto i te mahi tuturu i waenga i ngā hua mai i ngā kaihanga rerekē. He rerekē ngā hua rerekē i roto i te whai huatanga o te ārai mārama kikorangi, te tae turanga, me te tuku mārama, ā, ka rerekē haere ngā utu.
Te tiaki i te paninga karaihe
He tairongo ngā paninga karāhe ki ngā pāmahana teitei. Ka pania ngā paninga o ngā karāhe kapia i muri mai, ā, he ngoikore kotahi tō rātou katoa: he tairongo ki ngā pāmahana teitei. Mā te tiaki i ngā paninga karāhe mai i te pakū ka roa ake te ora o ngā karāhe. Ko ngā taiao motuhake e whai ake nei ka ngāwari ki te whakakino i ngā paninga karāhe:
1. Te whakatakoto i ngā mōhiti ki runga i te papaaho o te motuka i te poutumarotanga o te raumati.
2. Te mau mōhiti, te whakatakoto rānei i aua mōhiti ki te taha o te whare i a koe e whakamahi ana i te sauna, e kaukau ana, e ruku ana rānei i roto i te puna wera.
3. Te tunu kai i roto i te kīhini i te pāmahana hinu teitei; ki te tauhiuhi te hinu wera ki runga i ngā karaihe, ka pakaru tonu pea.
4. I te wā e kai ana i te kōhua wera, ki te tauhiuhi te hupa wera ki runga i ngā karaihe, ka pakaru pea.
5. Waiho ngā karāhe ki te taha o ngā taputapu whare e whakaputa ana i te wera mō te wā roa, pērā i ngā rama tēpu, ngā pouaka whakaata, me ētahi atu.
Haunga ngā kōrero o runga ake nei, he mea nui anō hoki kia matara atu i ngā wai waikawa kaha, wai kawakore rānei hei ārai i te waikura o ngā anga, o ngā karaihe rānei.
He rerekē te pahūtanga o ngā paninga karaihe me ngā karawarawa. Ka puta te pahūtanga i te pāmahana teitei, i ngā wai matū rānei, engari ko ngā karawarawa ka puta mai i te horoinga hē, i te pānga rānei o waho.
Ko te mea pono, he tino ātaahua ngā mōhiti. He tairongo ki te pēhanga, ki te hinganga, ki te piko, ki te pāmahana teitei, me ngā wai waikura.
Hei tiaki i te mahi whatu o te paparanga kiriata, me:
1. Ina tangohia ō mōhiti, whakatakotoria ki roto i tētahi putea tiaki, ka rongoa ki te wāhi e kore e taea e ngā tamariki te toro atu.
2. Horoia ngā karaihe ki te hopi horoi kore wai i whakaranua ki te wai matao. Kāore i te tūtohutia kia whakamahia tētahi atu wai hei horoi i ngā karaihe.
3. I ngā taiao tino pāmahana (ina koa i te wā e kaukau ana, e tunu kai ana rānei), he mea tika kia mau i ngā mōhiti tawhito hei ārai i te kino o ngā karaihe o ngā mōhiti hou.
Ka horoia pea e ētahi ā rātou mōhiti ki te wai mahana i a rātou e horoi ana i ō rātou makawe, i ō rātou kanohi, i a rātou e kaukau ana rānei, kia ma ake ai ngā mōhiti. Heoi anō, ka taea e tēnei te whakakino nui i ngā paninga o te karāhe, ā, ka kore pea e taea te whakamahi i ngā karāhe. He mea nui kia whakanuia ko ngā mōhiti me horoi noa ki te hopi horoi kore wai mātao!
Hei whakamutunga
Nā te whanaketanga tonu o te hangarau paninga, kua tino ahu whakamua ngā hua mōhiti hou i roto i te whakawhiti mārama, te ātete ki te rakuraku, me ngā āhuatanga ārai-paru. Ka taea e te nuinga o ngā karāhe kapia, ngā karāhe PC, me ngā karāhe kiriaku te whakatutuki i ngā hiahia o ia rā o te tangata e pā ana ki te hoahoa paninga.
E ai ki te kōrero i runga ake nei, he tino ātaahua ngā mōhiti kanohi, e pā ana ki te hangarau paninga o te paparanga kiriata, inā koa te nui o ngā whakaritenga mō te whakamahinga pāmahana. Hei whakamutunga, e hiahia ana ahau ki te whakamahara atu ki a koe: ina kitea e koe he pakaru ki te paparanga kiriata o ō karāhe mōhiti kanohi, whakakapia tonutia. Kaua e whakamahi noa i aua mea. Ka taea e te pakaru o te paparanga kiriata te whakarerekē i te mahi whatu o ngā karāhe. Ahakoa he mea iti noa te takirua karāhe, he mea tino nui te hauora o ngā kanohi.
Wā tuku: Hakihea-21-2023