He maha ngā wā i pātai ai ngā tohunga tirohanga o te whakatupuranga tawhito mēnā he karaihe, he karaihe rānei ā rātou, ā, i tawai rātou ki ngā karaihe kapia e mau nei tātou i ēnei rā. Nā te mea i te wā i tūtaki tuatahi ai rātou ki ngā karaihe kapia, kāore i tino whanake te hangarau paninga o ngā karaihe kapia, ā, he ngoikoretanga anō hoki pērā i te kore e ātete ki te kakahu me te ngāwari ki te waiho i ngā paru. Hei tāpiri, he maha ngā kaihanga me ngā kaihokohoko he maha ngā karaihe kapia e hiahiatia ana kia hokona, nō reira kua whakanuia ngā ngoikoretanga o ngā karaihe kapia mō tētahi wā.
He pai ngā karāhe karaihe, arā, he ātete ki te kakahu me te taupū whakaata teitei. Engari nā tōna taumaha me tōna ngoikore i whakakapia ai ki ngā karāhe kapia. Nā te whanaketanga o te pūtaiao me te hangarau, kua whakatauhia e te hangarau paninga i whakawhanakehia e te umanga hanga karāhe mōhiti he maha ngā raruraru i te tīmatanga o te hanganga o ngā karāhe kapia. Ma tēnei tuhinga koe e hoatu he whakataki poto ki te paninga o ngā karāhe mōhiti, kia mārama ake ai koe ki ngā paninga o ngā karāhe e mau ana koe me tōna hītori whanaketanga.
E toru ā mātou momo paninga mō ngā karāhe arotahi, arā, he paninga ātete-mau, he paninga ātete-whakaata, me te paninga ātete-paru. He rerekē ngā mātāpono o ngā paparanga paninga rerekē. E mōhio whānuitia ana e mātou he kore tae te tae papamuri o ngā karāhe arotahi kapia me ngā karāhe arotahi karāhe, ā, ko ēnei paparanga te take o ngā tae ngoikore o ā mātou karāhe arotahi whānui.
Kiriata ātete-mau
Ki te whakatauritea ki ngā karaihe arotahi (ko te wāhanga matua o te karaihe ko te hauhā silicon, he rauemi kore-waro), he ngāwari te mau o te mata o ngā karaihe arotahi i hangaia ki ngā rauemi waro. E rua ngā momo karawarawa i runga i te mata o ngā karaihe arotahi ka taea te tirotiro mā te tirotiro karuārai. Ko tētahi he mea hanga ki te onepu iti me te kirikiri. Ahakoa he papaku, he iti hoki ngā karawarawa, kāore e pāngia te kaimau, engari ina kohia aua karawarawa ki tētahi taumata, ka pā nui te āhuatanga marara mārama e puta mai ana i ngā karawarawa ki te tirohanga a te kaimau. Tērā anō hoki he karawarawa nui e puta mai ana i te kirikiri nui ake, i ētahi atu mea pakeke rānei. He hohonu tēnei momo karawarawa, ā, he taratara te taha. Mena kei waenganui o te karaihe te karawarawa, ka pāngia te tirohanga a te kaimau. Nō reira, i puta mai ai te kiriata ātete-kakahu.
Kua maha ngā whakatipuranga o te whanaketanga o te kiriata ātete-kakahu. I te tīmatanga, i tīmata i te tekau tau atu i 1970. I taua wā, i whakaponohia he ātete-kakahu te karāhe nā tōna pakeke teitei, nō reira, kia rite ai te ātete-kakahu o te karāhe kapia, i whakamahia te tikanga paninga korehau. , ka pania he paparanga rauemi quartz ki te mata o te karāhe waro. Heoi, nā te rerekētanga o ngā tauwehenga whānui wera o ngā rauemi e rua, ka ngawari te taka me te pakarukaru o te paninga, ā, kāore i te pai te pānga ātete-kakahu. Ka puta he whakatipuranga hou o te hangarau i ia tekau tau a muri ake nei, ā, ko te paninga ātete-kakahu o nāianei he paparanga kiriata whakauru o te hanganga waro me ngā matūriki kore-waro. Ko te mea tuatahi ka whakapai ake i te pakari o te kiriata ātete-kakahu, ā, ko te mea tuarua ka whakanui ake i te pakeke. Mā te whakakotahitanga whaitake o ngā mea e rua ka tutuki he pānga ātete-kakahu pai.
Paninga ārai-whakaata
He rite tonu ngā karāhe e mau ana tātou ki ngā whakaata papatahi, ā, ka whakaatahia hoki te mārama e pā ana ki te mata o ngā karāhe. I ētahi wā, ka pāngia te kaimau e ngā whakaata e puta mai ana i ā tātou karāhe, tae atu ki te tangata e titiro ana ki a ia, ā, i ngā wā tino kino, ka taea e tēnei āhuatanga te arahi ki ngā aituā nui mō te haumaru. Nō reira, hei karo i ngā kino e pā mai ana i tēnei āhuatanga, kua whakawhanakehia ngā kiriata ārai-whakaata.
Ko ngā paninga ārai-whakaata e hangai ana ki te piki me te heke o te mārama. Ki te kī māmā, ka pania te kiriata ārai-whakaata ki runga i te mata o te karu tirohanga, kia pokanoa ai te mārama whakaata e puta mai ana i ngā mata o mua me muri o te kiriata tetahi ki tetahi, ā, ka taurite te mārama whakaata, ka tutuki ai te pānga ārai-whakaata.
Kiriata ārai-para
I muri i te paninga o te mata o te arotahi ki te paninga ārai-whakaata, he tino ngāwari te waiho i ngā paru. Ka tino whakaitihia e tēnei te "kaha ārai-whakaata" me te kaha tirohanga o te arotahi. Ko te take o tēnei he hanganga moroiti te paparanga paninga ārai-whakaata, nō reira ka ngāwari te waiho i ētahi paru puehu me te hinu ki runga i te mata o te arotahi. Ko te otinga ki tēnei āhuatanga ko te paninga i tētahi kiriata o runga ki runga o te kiriata ārai-whakaata, ā, kia kore ai e whakaitihia te kaha o te kiriata ārai-whakaata, me tino angiangi te matotoru ārai-paru o tēnei paparanga.
Me whai kiriata hiato te arotahi pai i hangaia e ēnei paparanga e toru, ā, hei whakarei ake i te kaha ārai-whakaata, me maha ngā paparanga o ngā kiriata ārai-whakaata e tāpirihia ana. I te nuinga o te wā, ko te matotoru o te paparanga ātete-kakahu he 3~5um, ko te kiriata ārai-whakaata maha-paparanga he tata ki te 0.3~0.5um, ā, ko te kiriata ārai-paru angiangi rawa he 0.005um~0.01um. Ko te raupapa o te kiriata mai i roto ki waho ko te paninga ātete-kakahu, te paninga ārai-whakaata maha-paparanga me te kiriata ārai-paru.
Wā tuku: Pipiri-08-2022