He maha ngā āhuatanga o te tirohanga, pērā i te koi o te tirohanga, te tirohanga tae, te tirohanga ā-ira, me te tirohanga āhua. I tēnei wā, he maha ngā momo karāhe kore arotahi e whakamahia ana mō te whakatikatika i te myopia i roto i ngā tamariki me ngā taiohi, e hiahia ana kia tika te whakaata. I roto i tēnei putanga, ka whakamāramahia e mātou te tika o te whakatikatika i te myopia i roto i ngā tamariki me ngā taiohi, me te arotahi ki te iti rawa o te tirohanga pai i roto i te rongoā whakaata hei āwhina i a mātou ki te whiriwhiri i te mea tika.whatungā karaihe arotahi
Me āta tātarihia te taumata iti rawa o te tirohanga pai rawa atu hei whakatau i te wā e tika ana kia whakatikahia te tirohanga ki te 1.5, me te wā e tika ake ai kia whakatikahia te tirohanga i raro i te 1.5. Kei roto i tēnei ko te mārama ki ngā āhuatanga e hiahia ana kia tika te hurihanga o te tirohanga, me ngā āhuatanga ka taea te whakaae kia iti te whakatikatika. Me whakamārama hoki te whakamāramatanga o te tirohanga pai rawa atu.
Te tautuhi i ngā paearu mō ngā paerewa mō te koi o te tirohanga
I te nuinga o te wā, ina kōrero te tangata mō te koi o te tirohanga, e pā ana ki te āhua o te tirohanga, arā, te kaha o ngā kanohi ki te wehewehe i ngā mea o waho. I roto i te mahi haumanu, ka aromatawaihia te koi o te tirohanga mā te whakamahi i tētahi tūtohi koi o te tirohanga. I mua, ko ngā tūtohi matua i whakamahia ko te tūtohi koi o te tirohanga paerewa o te ao, te tūtohi koi o te tirohanga ira rānei. I tēnei wā, ko te tūtohi koi o te tirohanga reta-rōka te mea e whakamahia whānuitia ana, engari ko ētahi mahi motuhake ka hiahia pea ki tētahi tūtohi koi o te tirohanga momo-C. Ahakoa te momo tūtohi e whakamahia ana, ko te tikanga ka whakamatautauria te koi o te tirohanga mai i te 0.1 ki te 1.5, me te tūtohi koi o te tirohanga rōka mai i te 0.1 ki te 2.0.
Ina taea e te kanohi te kite tae atu ki te 1.0, ka kiia ko te koi tirohanga paerewa. Ahakoa ka taea e te nuinga o te tangata te kite tae atu ki te 1.0, he iti noa te ōrau o te hunga ka taea te neke atu i tēnei taumata. He iti noa iho te tokomaha o te hunga ka taea te kite mārama tae atu ki te 2.0, me ngā rangahau i roto i ngā taiwhanga e kī ana ko te koi tirohanga pai rawa atu ka eke ki te 3.0. Heoi, ko te aromatawai haumanu e whakaaro ana ko te 1.0 te koi tirohanga paerewa, e kiia ana ko te tirohanga noa.
1 Tawhiti Ine
E ai ki te 'Tūtohi Tirohanga Matatau Pūrua Paerewa' ko te tawhiti o te whakamātautau he 5 mita.
2 Taiao Whakamātautau
Me whakairi te tūtohi tirohanga ki tētahi wāhi e mārama ana, me whakarite tōna teitei kia rite te rārangi kua tohua '0' ki te taumata o ngā kanohi o te tangata e tirotirohia ana. Me tū te tangata e tirotirohia ana kia 5 mita te tawhiti atu i te tūtohi, me te anga atu ki tawhiti atu i te pūtake mārama kia kore ai e uru tika te mārama ki ngā kanohi.
3 Tikanga Ine
Me whakamātautau motuhake ia kanohi, tīmata ki te kanohi matau, ā, muri iho ko te kanohi maui. Ina whakamātautauhia tētahi kanohi, me hipoki te kanohi kē ki tētahi mea mātotoru, me te kore e pēhi. Mēnā ka taea e te tangata whakamātautau te pānui mārama tae noa ki te rārangi 6, ka tuhia ko te 4.6 (0.4); mēnā ka taea e ia te pānui mārama i te rārangi 7, ka tuhia ko te 4.7 (0.5), ā, pērā tonu.
Me tuhi te rārangi iti rawa o te koi tirohanga ka taea e te kaititiro te tautuhi (ka whakaūtia kua eke te koi tirohanga a te kaititiro ki taua uara ina neke atu te maha o ngā momo tirohanga kua tautuhia tika i te haurua o te tapeke o ngā momo tirohanga i te rārangi e rite ana). Ka tuhia te uara o taua rārangi hei koi tirohanga o taua kanohi.
Ki te kore e kitea mārama e te kaititiro te reta 'E' i te rārangi tuatahi o te tūtohi mā te kanohi kotahi, me tono kia neke whakamua rātou kia kite mārama rā anō. Ki te kitea mārama i te 4 mita, ko te koi o te tirohanga ko te 0.08; i te 3 mita, ko te 0.06; i te 2 mita, ko te 0.04; i te 1 mita, ko te 0.02. Ko te koi o te tirohanga kanohi kotahi he 5.0 (1.0) neke atu rānei, e kiia ana he koi noa.
4 Tau o te Kaiwhakamātautau
Ko te tikanga, ka ahu whakamua te whanaketanga whakaata o te kanohi tangata mai i te tirohanga tawhiti ki te tirohanga poto, kātahi ki te tirohanga tata. Mēnā he pai te noho tahi o te tamaiti, ko te tirohanga kāore i whakatikatikaina he tata ki te 0.5 i te 4-5 tau te pakeke, tata ki te 0.6 i te 6 tau te pakeke, tata ki te 0.7 i te 7 tau te pakeke, me te tata ki te 0.8 i te 8 tau te pakeke. Heoi, he rerekē te āhua o te kanohi o ia tamaiti, ā, me tatau i runga i ngā rerekētanga takitahi.
He mea nui kia mōhiotia ko te koi o te tirohanga kanohi kotahi o te 5.0 (1.0) neke atu rānei e kiia ana he koi noa. Kāore te koi noa o te tirohanga e tohu ana i te tirohanga pai rawa atu o te tangata e tirotirohia ana.
Ngā Hiahia Rerekē mō te Tirohanga Ataata i ngā Reanga Rerekē
1 Taiohi (6-18 tau te pakeke)
I kī tētahi tohunga, "Mēnā kāore i te tika te whakatikatika, ka piki ake te diopter. Nō reira, me tika te whakatikatika a ngā taiohi."
I mua, he iti ake te nui o ngā rongoā a ngā tākuta kanohi i ngā tamariki me ngā taiohi e kite ana i te koretake o te tirohanga, e mōhiotia ana ko te koretake o te tirohanga, i a rātou e tirotiro ana i ngā kanohi mō ngā tamariki me ngā taiohi e kite ana i te kanohi pōuri. I whakapono rātou, ki te whakaritea ki ngā rongoā whakatikatika kanohi katoa, he ngāwari ake te whakaae a ngā mātua ki ngā rongoā whakatikatika kanohi pōuri, nā te mea kāore i pai ngā mātua ki te mau i ngā mōhiti kaha ki ā rātou tamariki, i te wehi kei tere ake te piki o te diopter, ā, kei te āwangawanga kei noho tonu ngā mōhiti hei mea nui. I whakaaro anō hoki ngā tākuta kanohi mā te mau i ngā mōhiti kanohi pōuri ka whakaroa i te haere whakamua o te mate pōuri.
Ko te whakatikatika iti mō te myopia e pā ana ki te mau i ngā mōhiti he iti iho te tohutoro i te tikanga, ka hua ake he whakatikatika i te koi o te tirohanga i raro i te taumata 1.0 noa (engari kāore e tutuki i ngā paerewa koi tino pai). Kei roto i te wā koretake te mahi tirohanga karu-rua o ngā tamariki me ngā taiohi, ā, me mārama te tirohanga kia mau tonu ai te whanaketanga pumau o tā rātou mahi tirohanga karu-rua.
Ko te mau i ngā mōhiti kāore i te whakatikatikahia, ehara i te mea ka whakararu noa i te kaha ki te kite mārama i ngā mea i roto i ngā tamariki me ngā taiohi, engari ka whakararu hoki i te whanaketanga hauora o te tirohanga. Ina titiro tata ana ki ngā mea, ka iti ake te kaha o te noho me te whakakotahitanga i te mea noa, ka heke te mahi tirohanga karu-rua i te roanga o te wā, ka puta te ngenge o te tirohanga, ka tere ake te haere o te myopia.
Ehara i te mea ko ngā mōhiti anake e tika ana kia whakatikatikaina e ngā tamariki, engari, ki te ngoikore te tirohanga, me whakangungu pea rātou i te tirohanga hei whakapai ake i te kaha o te arotahi o ō rātou kanohi hei whakaiti i te ngenge o te kanohi, hei whakaroa hoki i te whanaketanga o te myopia i puta mai i te mahi arotahi rerekē. Mā tēnei ka āwhina i ngā tamariki kia mārama, kia whakamarie, kia mau tonu hoki te kounga tirohanga.
2 Ngā Taiohi Pakeke (19-40 tau te pakeke)
I roto i te ariā, he pumau tonu ngā taumata o te myopia i tēnei reanga tau, me te tere haere puhoi. Heoi, nā ngā āhuatanga taiao, ko te hunga e whakamahi ana i ngā taputapu hiko mō te wā roa ka kaha ake te whakanui ake i ō rātou taumata myopia. I roto i te kaupapa, ko te iti rawa o te tohutohu e hiahiatia ana hei whakatutuki i te tirohanga pai me whakaaro nui, engari ka taea te whakarerekē i runga i te whakamarie o te kiritaki me ngā hiahia tirohanga.
Ngā Tohu hei Whakamōhio:
(1) Mena ka kitea he pikinga nui o te diopter i te wā o te whakamātautau kanohi, kaua te pikinga tuatahi o te whakahaunga e neke ake i te -1.00D. Kia aro ki ngā tohu mamae pēnei i te hikoi, te hē o te mata o te whenua, te whanoke, te mārama o te tirohanga tata, te mamae o te kanohi, te hē o ngā mata o ngā taputapu hiko, me ētahi atu. Mena ka mau tonu ēnei tohu i muri i te mau i ngā mōhiti mō te 5 meneti, whakaarohia te whakaiti i te whakahaunga kia pai ra ano.
(2) Mō ngā tāngata he nui ngā mahi e hiahiatia ana pērā i te taraiwa, te mātakitaki rānei i ngā whakaaturanga, ā, ki te pai te kiritaki ki te whakatikatika katoa, he mea tika kia whakamahia te whakatikatika tika. Mena he maha ngā wā e whakamahia ana ngā taputapu hiko tata, whakaarohia te whakamahi i ngā karāhe matihiko.
(3) Mēnā ka kino haere te tirohanga o te kanohi, kia tūpato ki ngā tūponotanga o te spasm o te tirohanga (pseudo-myopia). I te wā e tirotirohia ana te kanohi, whakaūhia te iti rawa o te whakahaunga e tika ana mō te tirohanga pai rawa atu o ngā kanohi e rua, me te karo i te whakatikatika nui rawa atu. Mēnā he raruraru kei te tirohanga kino, kāore rānei i te pumau, whakaarohia te whakahaere i ngā whakamātautau mahi tirohanga e tika ana.
3 Taupori Kaumātua (40 tau te pakeke me te neke atu)
Nā te hekenga o te kaha o te kanohi ki te noho, he maha ngā wā ka pāngia tēnei rōpū reanga e te presbyopia. Haunga te arotahi ki te rongoā mō te tirohanga tawhiti, he mea nui kia aro nui ki te whakatikatika tirohanga tata ina whakahaua he mōhiti mō tēnei rōpū reanga, me te whakaaro hoki ki te urutau o te kiritaki ki ngā huringa rongoā.
Ngā Tohu hei Whakamōhio:
(1) Ki te whakaaro te tangata kāore i te rawaka ā rātou rongoā o nāianei, ā, he nui ake te hiahia mō te tirohanga tawhiti, i muri i te whakaū i te rongoā mō te tirohanga tawhiti, he mea nui kia tirohia te tirohanga tata. Mena he tohu o te ngenge tirohanga, he hekenga rānei o te tirohanga tata nā te ngoikore o te kaha noho, whakaarohia te tohu i tētahi takirua karāhe arotahi maha-arotahi.
(2) He iti ake te āheinga urutau i tēnei reanga. Kia kaua e neke ake i te -1.00D ia pikinga o te rongoā mō te tirohanga tata. Mena ka mau tonu te mamae i muri i te mau i ngā mōhiti mō te 5 meneti, whakaarohia te whakaiti i te rongoā kia pai ra ano.
(3) Mō ngā tāngata neke atu i te 60 tau te pakeke, tera pea he rerekē ngā taumata o te katarata. Mena he rerekētanga kei roto i te tirohanga kua whakatikatikaina (<0.5), whakapaehia te tūponotanga o te katarata i roto i te kiritaki. Me tirotirohia taipitopito i te hōhipera hei whakakore i te awe o ngā mate kanohi.
Te Pānga o te Mahi Tirohanga Karurua
E mōhio ana tātou ko ngā hua i puta mai i te whakamātautau kanohi e whakaata ana i te āhua whakaata o ngā kanohi i taua wā, e whakarite ana i te tirohanga mārama i te tawhiti o te whakamātautau. I ngā mahi o ia rā, ina hiahia tātou ki te kite i ngā mea i ngā tawhiti rerekē, me whakatikatika tātou me te whakakotahitanga-wehewehenga (te whai wāhi o te mahi tirohanga karu-rua). Ahakoa te kaha whakaata ōrite, he rerekē ngā tikanga whakatikatika e hiahiatia ana mō ngā āhua rerekē o te mahi tirohanga karu-rua.
Ka taea e tātou te whakarāpopoto i ngā āhuatanga rerekē o te tirohanga karu rua ki ngā wāhanga e toru:
1 Te peka o te kanohi - Exophoria
Ko ētahi o ngā āhuatanga rerekē o te mahi a te tirohanga karu rua ko: te kore e ranea te huihuinga, te nui rawa o te wehewehenga, me te exophoria noa iho.
Ko te mātāpono mō ēnei āhuatanga he whakamahi i te whakatikatika tika, me te tāpiri atu ki te whakangungu tirohanga hei whakapai ake i te āheinga honohono o ngā kanohi e rua, me te whakamamae i te ngenge tirohanga e puta mai ana i ngā rerekētanga o te tirohanga karu rua.
2 Te peka o te kanohi - Te tirohanga o te kanohi
Ko ētahi o ngā āhuatanga rerekē o te mahi a te tirohanga karu rua ko: te nui rawa o te huihuinga, te kore rawa o te wehewehenga, me te asphoria ngāwari.
Mō ēnei āhuatanga, ko te mātāpono kia whakaarohia te kore e tika te whakatikatika, me te whakarite kia tika te tirohanga. Mena he maha ngā mahi tirohanga tata, ka taea te whakamahi i ngā karāhe matihiko. Hei tāpiri, mā te whakangungu tirohanga hei whakapai ake i te kaha wehewehe o ngā kanohi e rua ka āwhina i te whakaiti i te ngenge tirohanga e puta mai ana i ngā rerekētanga o te tirohanga karu-rua.
3 Ngā āhuatanga rerekē o te noho
Ko ngā mea matua ko: Te kore e ranea te wāhi noho, te nui rawa o te wāhi noho, te koretake o te wāhi noho.
1 Kāore i te Rawaka te Wāhi Noho
Mena he myopia, karohia te whakatikatika nui rawa, te whakarite i te whakamarie, ā, whakaarohia te whakatikatika iti i runga i te āhuatanga o te whakamātautau; ki te mea he hyperopia, ngana ki te whakatika katoa i te whakahaunga hyperopia i ngā wā katoa e taea ana me te kore e pā ki te māramatanga.
2 Te Wāhi Noho Nui Rawa
Mō te myopia, ki te kore e taea te whakamanawanui i te karu porowhita kino iti rawa mō te tirohanga pai, whakaarohia te whakatikatika iti, inā koa mō ngā pakeke e mahi roa ana i te mahi tata. Ki te hyperopia, ngana ki te whakatika katoa i te tohutohu me te kore e pā ki te māramatanga.
3 Te ngoikore o te noho
Mō te myopia, ki te kore e taea te whakamanawanui i te arotahi porowhita kino iti rawa mō te tirohanga pai, whakaarohia te whakatikatika iti. Ki te hyperopia, ngana ki te whakatika katoa i te whakahaunga me te kore e pā ki te māramatanga.
Hei Whakamutunga
WIna tae ki ngā mātāpono o te tirohanga kanohi, me whai whakaaro tātou ki te whānuitanga o ngā āhuatanga. I a tātou e whakaaro ana ki te pakeketanga, me whai whakaaro anō hoki tātou ki te mahi a te tirohanga kanohi rua. He pono, he take motuhake anō hoki pērā i te strabismus, te amblyopia, me te anisometropia whakaata e hiahia ana kia whai whakaaro motuhake. I raro i ngā āhuatanga rerekē, ko te whakatutuki i te tirohanga pai rawa atu he wero i ngā pūkenga hangarau o ia tākuta kanohi. E whakapono ana mātou mā te ako tonu, ka taea e ia tākuta kanohi te aromatawai whānui me te whakarato raraunga whakahaunga tika.
Wā tuku: Hōngongoi-04-2024